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On Tuesday morning the pastors of Lutheran Saints in Ministry gather in Fairborn Ohio to discuss the texts for Sunday.

These are the contributions that are brought to the table.

Wednesday, May 30, 2018

The Gospel according to littleness - a reflection on Mark 2:23-3:6

When you begin to read or listen to the Holy Scriptures, pray to God thus: "Lord Jesus Christ, open the ears and eyes of my heart so that I may hear Thy words and understand them, and may fulfill Thy will." Always pray to God like this, that He might illumine your mind and open to you the power of His words. Many, having trusted in their own reason, have turned away into deception. — Ephrem the Syrian

The Book of Mark is a remarkable piece of literature. The hero arrives and begins his quest just sort of out of nowhere. By the beginning of chapter 3 plots are being hatched to kill him. At that time, we are only 80 verses into the story. The table is set very clearly here: There was a war between the Pharisees, Herodians, and Sadducees — the polictico- religious experts and authorities — on the one hand, and God in Jesus on the other. The rest of the book is a recounting of who ended up winning.
My old colleague Steve Schou was working on his Masters Degree when we first met 26 years ago. It was his thesis that Mark wrote in and out of a community that was used to struggle hard and even heroically at life only to loose in the end. At the same time, that community somehow found dignity in both, the struggle and the outcome. This, the thesis was, very much reflected the experience of many communities through history, particularly the settlers of North Dakota and their descendants. 
I am not sure where Steve went with this thesis as we lost touch some time ago. But the basics can be explained very quickly: Whatever the reality that we might enter might be, forces are afoot that oppose us and they are cunning, powerful, and well connected. They define reality for the rest of us and will not abide with any challenge to that definition. But their definition is flawed at the very root so that in the end they actually do not know what “reality” actually is.
For Steve, this resonated with the Dakota settlement. It had been run from Washington, D.C. by edict and it had been designed  for the Iowa settlement. “Worked there, why not use it in the Dakotas, How different can they be?” Well, they were different. Very different. A section of land fed a family well in Iowa. In North Dakota, it yielded just enough to make you think that with a little more struggle you could make it. But the harshness of the weather and the poverty of the soil worked against you just as much as Uncle Sam — far away and as unaware of reality as he was unconcerned, since reality was “made” in D.C. anyway —  who met your pleas that a single section was not enough to sustain a family with indifference. The forces eventually killed you by blizzard or starvation. 
It is said that Mark was written for the poor and little in Mideastern life anno 70AD or so. The losers if you will. The ones most certainly were at the mercy of many forces, especially the weather that affected their harvests, and most certainly did not define reality. Where will they find dignity? In the reality and teachings of the Pharisees? 
In that reality God wants them hungry on the Sabbath, the very day dedicated to the very God who shed out his providence in creation that ended on Sabbath. In that reality, creation gets to sit blemished because, after all, God said to rest and therefore no one should redeem or mend creation on the day of rest. There is something satanic about that. It says: “There is someone who could help you but we forbid him to do that.” The disciples will visit that place in 9:38-41 as they try to forbid an unknown exorcist from using the power of the name of Jesus. They are met with Jesus’ rebuke.
For us in 2018, the story has but an amusing ring to it. Those silly ancients and their silly little customs. We know better.
12  The wicked plot against the righteous
    and gnash their teeth at them;
13  But my Lord laughs at them,
    because he sees that their day is coming. (Ps 37:12-14)
Peter Kreeft once quipped: “If you think you have it all figured out, don’t forget the toilet paper.” (Yes, I have used that in the sermon before. No, it was not universally appreciated) But, it gets to the heart of all human endeavor: Where will any of us, Pharisee, Herodian, 1st century peasant, 16th century monk, 20th century schizoid man, or 21st century American ultimately find our dignity? In our own definitions or refusal to have or accept any definitions? No matter who we are and on whose side we are on, no matter how noble our Pharisees and Herodians might sound, the hungry are hungry and the withered hand remains useless. 

Some moons ago we heard the words: “Remember, you are but dust and to dust you must return.” (Gn 3:15) It is a sentence that ought to be recalled all through the year. It is a realistic attitude, yet few embrace it. Reality is lived by all of us, but only God gets to define what it means, why it ends, how it ends, and what happens next and only in tracing the life of Jesus ourselves will that definition emerge for us (cm 1 Pt 2:21) Mark, we might observe, is a Gospel of action, not so much of teaching. The actions of Jesus suggest that love for our neighbors is the prime directive to follow and that in doing so, God’s definition of reality and therefore true human dignity are brought to light. We “are” when we serve without thought of reward or benefit, and often to the derision from those who think our service is misguided, misplaced, wrong, or just plain benighted. This, is how they treated the prophets, this is how they treated the Saints, this is how they treated the Son of Man, and they may treat us that way as well. We can only pray.

Tuesday, May 29, 2018

Greek Text Study for Mark 2:23-3:6

Mark 2:23-3:6

2:23 παραπορευεσθαι (παραπορευομαι) pres. inf. "was going [through]" - infinitive forms an infinitival clause, subject of the verb εγενετο "it became / happened" = "to pass through the grainfields on the Sabbath happened".
των σπαριμων adj. "grainfields" - adjective "sown" here used as a substantive, = the grain would be either wheat or barley.
ποιειν (ποιεω) pres. inf. "walked" – literally [began] to do the infinitive is complementary,  probably with the sense "make their way ....", usually shortened to "they began plucking". The phrase is descriptive of the disciples pushing their way through a grainfield and so making a path for themselves. Technically “free” reaping is allowed along only the edge for the poor and hungry. And this is the heart of the complaint, they are neither poor nor hungry, hjut taking a short cut.
τιλλοντες (τιλλω) pres. part. "they began to pick" - participle is adverbial, probably modal expressing the manner in which they passed.
  
v24 ο ουκ εξεστιν "what is unlawful" - not permitted. "The Pharisees regarded what the disciples were doing as work. That the Pharisees were always present to make negative comments every time Jesus does something controversial is questioned by some commentators, although given Jesus' controversial ministry we would expect the religious authorities to keep an eye on him.
τοις σαββασιν (ον) dat. "on the Sabbath" - dative of time; the plural use is idiomatic.
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v25 Jesus now relates the story of when David and his companions ate the loaves of presentation, cf. 1Sam.21:1-7, v25-26. He takes some "poetic license". Under normal circumstances a rabbinical argument would only stand where two texts are quoted and these not from a historical book. Jesus' interpretation stands by itself.
λεγει (λεγω) pres. "he answered" - Historic present used for a dramatic purpose.
ανεγνωτε adv. "have you [never] read" - Rhetorical indicative verb modified by a temporal adverb. Obviously they had read, just not understood.
οι μετ αυτου "those with him. The article serves as a nominalizer turning the prepositional phrase into a noun.
χρειαν εσχεν και επεινασεν "were hungry and in need" - he had need and was hungry. The doubling up of the "need" possibly reflects the general tendency by the rabbis to justify David's actions as being from one ravenously hungry whose life was in danger. On the other hand, it is possible that "hungry" simply explains when he found himself in need.

v26 Αβιαθαρ Abiathar" - At the time of this story Ahimelech was the high priest. Abiathar, a son of Ahimelech, was one of the few who escaped the slaughter perpetrated by Doeg the Edomite. Both Matthew and Luke omit the name, as do some Markan manuscripts. "In the days of" may provide a general designation, rather than a specific one or it may be a gloss, or possibly Mark made a mistake. Freedman suggests that in the development of a tradition, as here, a better known name often supplants a lesser known name (Abiathar's importance relates to his association with "the house of God", ie. the temple in Jerusalem,  and his association with David).
αρχιερεως (υς εως) gen. "the high priest" - Genitive is apposition to "Abiathar".
του θεου (ος) gen. "[house] of God
της προθεσεως (ις εως) gen. "the consecrated [bread]" "God" is assumed, bread that is offered, set forth to God, so "consecrated" bread. The twelve "loaves of presentation to God" were placed on the altar on the Sabbath, and replaced the next. The priests ate the replaced bread.
ει μη "only for [priests]" .
φαγειν (φαγω) aor. inf. "to eat"

v27 δια + acc. "[was made] for" - [the Sabbath was created] on account although here leaning toward the benefit. The second use, δια το σαββατον, causal without any idea of benefit.
τον ανθρωπον "man" – some suggest that "Son of Man", rather than just "man" represents an Aramaic. The idea is that the Sabbath once given for Israel is now given to the world.

v28 ωστε + ind. "so" - is usually expressing result, but here expresses the authority of the Son of Man over the Sabbath. Neither Luke nor Matthew include v27 and so do not need to make a link with v28. They may well have noted the confusion caused by v27 and set it aside from the tradition to enable a proper focus on Jesus. Jesus goes to the heart of Sabbath Law teaching that it is designed for the enrichment of humanity, for the good of all. 
του ανθρωπου "[the Son] of Man" takes up authority and rule at the right hand of the Ancient of Days is now in charge.
κυριος (ος) "Lord" - The capitalizing of "lord" in translations imply the word is a divine title, but "one who exercises authority" is what Jesus has in mind.
του σαββατου (ον) gen. "of the Sabbath" - idiomatic/of subordination; "over the Sabbath".

3:1 παλιν adv. "another time" - again. Temporal adverb.
εχων (εξω) pres. part. "with" - having [the hand having been withered]. The participle is adjectival, attributive, limiting "man", "a man was there who had a withered hand."
εξηραμμενην (ξηραινω) perf. pas. part. "a shriveled [hand]" perfect tense is used to express a past event which has ongoing results.
την χειρα (χειρ ος) "hand" - the hand. - the article indicates possession.

v2 παρετηρουν (παρατηρεω) imperf. "some of them were looking" idiom, studying someone intently; the prefix παρα serving to intensify "they were watching." obviously the religious authorities.
ινα + subj. "for a reason to [accuse Jesus]" - expressing purpose.
θεραπευσει (θεραπευω) fut. "he would heal [him]" - the future tense is used with an interrogative ει to express the question that would be in the mind of those watching. 

v3 λεγει (λεγω) pres. "Jesus said" - Historic present tense.
τω ανθρωπω (ος) dat. "to the man" - Dative of indirect object.
τω .... εχοντι (εξω) dat. pres. part. "with [the shriveled hand]" - articular participle is adjectival, limiting "man".
εγειρε εις το μεσον "stand up in front of everyone" - rise into the middle. Luke's εγειρε και στηθι εις το μεσον, "arise and stand into [in] the middle [of the gathering]", is somewhat more instructive than Mark's short talk

v4 Given that the law is designed for good the logic of Jesus’ question is that "to refuse to do good is to do evil; and it could not be right to do evil on the Sabbath. The religious authorities remain silent because, given their legalist understanding of the law, they are unable to answer. The fact that their logic has forced them into a corner should prompt a reassessment of basic principles and a recognition that Jesus' humanitarian approach to law has something in it - that the Sabbath may have indeed been made for man. Their unwillingness to rethink their position rightly prompts Jesus' οργη, "anger".
λεγει (λεγω) "[then] Jesus asked" - Historic present.
εξεστιν pres. "which is lawful" - right, permissible, allowed. The subject of the verb consists of the four substantive infinitives, "to do good / to do evil / to save / to destroy"; "to help or to hurt, to save life or to kill".
ποιησαι (ποιεω) aor. inf. "to do [good]" - This infinitive, together with "to do evil", "to save [life]" and "to kill", is properly classified as the subject of the verb.
δε "but" - but, and. Here obviously adversative.
εσιωπων (σιωπαω) imperf. "they remained silent" - imperfect being durative, expresses ongoing action. The article specifies the subject, namely, the authorities.

v5 So, Jesus does good and heals the man. The Pharisees, on the other hand, do evil; and plan his death. 
περιβλεψαμενος (περιβλεπω) aor. part. "he looked around [at them]" A nice descriptive such that we can imagine Jesus doing the sweeping stare.
μετ (μετα) "with [anger] / in [anger]" - expressing the manner of Jesus' looking around, "angerly"; "wrathfully", Describing Jesus' reaction; the looking is not friendly!
συλλυπουμενος (συλλυπεω) pres. pas. part. "deeply distressed" - grieved. The participle is adverbial, expressing the manner of Jesus' looking around, "he looked around with anger and grief". The presence of the prefix συν would imply "grieve with" = "sympathize", but "grieving along with" is not how the context has it, but rather συλλυπουμενος επι, "grieved at." The οργη, "anger", is not just anger, annoyance, but rather a grieving anger driven by a feeling of hurt at the inhumanity of the religious officials; a mixture of anger and sorrow. These human qualities describe the nature of Jesus, not just his humanity, since the divine is not devoid of feelings.
της καρδιας (α) gen. "[stubborn] hearts" - [hardness] of the hearts -"hard hearts" = "impervious minds", idiomatic, "He sensed their inhumanity", 
τω ανθρωπω (ος) dat. "[he said] to the man" - Dative of indirect object.
απεκατεσταθη (αποκαθιστημι) aor. pas. "[his hand] was completely restored" - returned to its original soundness. The aorist expressing completed action.
  
v6 εξελθοντες (εξερχομαι) aor. part. "then [the Pharisees] went out" participle expressing action accompanying the verb "giving [counsel against]/held [council. The implied subject is obviously "the Pharisees" and their "going out" refers to their going out of the synagogue. ευθυς  immediately [held counsel with the Herodians]. indicates that the Pharisees started plotting Jesus' murder on the Sabbath, a work that was also unlawful, Note that Herod's party was a political not religious grouping,, but it would be necessary for the Pharisees to get them on side if they were to make a move against Jesus. 
συμβουλιον εδιδουν "and began to plot" ie. they are functioning as "assassins",.

οπως + subj. "how [they might kill Jesus]" This is the first mention of Jesus' opponents want to kill him. Literally "destroy", so "kill", but better, "assassinate".

Monday, February 5, 2018

The Readings for Transfiguration Sunday, Year B, February 11th, 2018

First Reading: 2 Kings 2:1-12

1Now when the Lord was about to take Elijah up to heaven by a whirlwind, Elijah and Elisha were on their way from Gilgal. 2Elijah said to Elisha, “Stay here; for the Lord has sent me as far as Bethel.” But Elisha said, “As the Lord lives, and as you yourself live, I will not leave you.” So they went down to Bethel. 3The company of prophets who were in Bethel came out to Elisha, and said to him, “Do you know that today the Lord will take your master away from you?” And he said, “Yes, I know; keep silent.”
4Elijah said to him, “Elisha, stay here; for the Lord has sent me to Jericho.” But he said, “As the Lord lives, and as you yourself live, I will not leave you.” So they came to Jericho. 5The company of prophets who were at Jericho drew near to Elisha, and said to him, “Do you know that today the Lord will take your master away from you?” And he answered, “Yes, I know; be silent.”
6Then Elijah said to him, “Stay here; for the Lord has sent me to the Jordan.” But he said, “As the Lord lives, and as you yourself live, I will not leave you.” So the two of them went on. 7Fifty men of the company of prophets also went, and stood at some distance from them, as they both were standing by the Jordan. 8Then Elijah took his mantle and rolled it up, and struck the water; the water was parted to the one side and to the other, until the two of them crossed on dry ground.
9When they had crossed, Elijah said to Elisha, “Tell me what I may do for you, before I am taken from you.” Elisha said, “Please let me inherit a double share of your spirit.” 10He responded, “You have asked a hard thing; yet, if you see me as I am being taken from you, it will be granted you; if not, it will not.” 11As they continued walking and talking, a chariot of fire and horses of fire separated the two of them, and Elijah ascended in a whirlwind into heaven. 12Elisha kept watching and crying out, “Father, father! The chariots of Israel and its horsemen!” But when he could no longer see him, he grasped his own clothes and tore them in two pieces.

Psalm: Psalm 50:1-6
Out of Zion, perfect in beauty, God shines forth in glory. (Ps. 50:2)
1The mighty one, God the Lord, has spoken;
  calling the earth from the rising of the sun to its setting.
2Out of Zion, perfect in its beauty,
  God shines forth in glory. 
3Our God will come and will not keep silence;
  with a consuming flame before, and round about a raging storm.
4God calls the heavens and the earth from above
  to witness the judgment of the people.
5“Gather before me my loyal followers,
  those who have made a covenant with me and sealed it with sacrifice.”
6The heavens declare the rightness of God’s cause,
  for it is God who is judge. 

Second Reading: 2 Corinthians 4:3-6

3Even if our gospel is veiled, it is veiled to those who are perishing. 4In their case the god of this world has blinded the minds of the unbelievers, to keep them from seeing the light of the gospel of the glory of Christ, who is the image of God. 5For we do not proclaim ourselves; we proclaim Jesus Christ as Lord and ourselves as your slaves for Jesus’ sake. 6For it is the God who said, “Let light shine out of darkness,” who has shone in our hearts to give the light of the knowledge of the glory of God in the face of Jesus Christ.

Gospel: Mark 9:2-9

2Six days later, Jesus took with him Peter and James and John, and led them up a high mountain apart, by themselves. And he was transfigured before them, 3and his clothes became dazzling white, such as no one on earth could bleach them. 4And there appeared to them Elijah with Moses, who were talking with Jesus. 5Then Peter said to Jesus, “Rabbi, it is good for us to be here; let us make three dwellings, one for you, one for Moses, and one for Elijah.” 6He did not know what to say, for they were terrified. 7Then a cloud overshadowed them, and from the cloud there came a voice, “This is my Son, the Beloved; listen to him!” 8Suddenly when they looked around, they saw no one with them any more, but only Jesus.


9As they were coming down the mountain, he ordered them to tell no one about what they had seen, until after the Son of Man had risen from the dead.

Greek Text Studies Mark 9:2-9

Greek Study Mark 9:2-9

v2 μετα ημερας εξ "after six days" - This unusual time signature serves to link the transfiguration to the preceding episode.
παραλαμβανει (παραλαμβανω) pres. "took" - takes. Historic present, serving to introduce the next step in the narrative.
αναφερει (αναφερω) pres. "led [them] up"  Historic present.
εις ορος υψηλον "a high mountain" Obvious Sinai imagery. They move up to meet with the divine in a place close to heaven, a "suburb" if you will.
κατ ιδιαν μονους "where they were all alone" - privately, apart, by themselves alone. "Where they could be alone", CEV.
μετεμορφωθη (μεταμορφοω) aor. pas. "there he was transfigured" - transformed, visibly changed, a divine passive, God does the transfiguring. It is possible that it is just Jesus' clothing that changes in appearance, although it is more likely the whole of Jesus' person. It is not necessarily a change in form, but in appearance. 
εμπροσθεν "before" - before, in front of; local/spacial.

v3 στιλβοντα (στιλβω) pres. part. "dazzling white" - [became] glittering, shining, gleaming, glistening. The word is used of a highly polished surface. Commentators tend to see the dazzling presence of Jesus in terms of a divine theophany.
λιαν "whiter" - exceedingly, intensely [white]. "His cloths brightly glistened."
γναφευς (υς εως) a bleacher a person whose trade is to bleach cloth with nitrium.
λευκαναι (λευκαινω) aor. inf. "[could] bleach" infinitive is complementary.

v4 ωφθη (οραω) aor. pas. + dat. of pers. "appeared" this verb, "look at, see" takes the sense "appeared" in the passive; so a supernatural appearing.
αυτοις "before them" – a dative of direct object after the passive verb "appeared".
συν "with [Elijah and Moses]"  association. It is interesting that Elijah is mentioned first, given that the situation is Mosaic, and Elijah is "with" Moses, as if Elijah is merely “tagging along”.
ησαν συλλαλουντες (συλλαλεω) pres. part. "who were talking with" – the imperfect verb to-be with the present participle forms a periphrastic imperfect; a construction that heightens aspect (here the duration) so idiomatically "had a long discussion with".

v5 αποκριθεις (αποκρινομαι) aor. pas. part. having answered [said]. Attendant circumstance participle, redundant. Semitic form used to continue a discourse.
Ραββι  teacher. Vocative - an inappropriate description of Jesus, yet, given the circumstances, if the lesson is "listen to him", then very appropriate.
ειναι (ειμι) inf. "to be" infinitive of the verb forms a substantive infinitival phrase subject of εστιν; so "to be here is good
ποιησωμεν (ποιεω) aor. subj. "let us put up [make] a hortatory subjunctive. Peter's suggestion is not absurd, given that his intention is to keep the discussion going. There would be much to learn from listening.
τρεις σκηνας (η) "three shelters" - tents, booths, tabernacles to protect the great-ones from the misty cloud that was descending on them. Another possible Exodus allusion.
v6 γαρ ου ηδει (οιδα) pluperf. "for he did not know" - he had not known. "The rare pluperfect form grammaticalizes remoteness".
αποκριθη (αποκρινομαι) aor. pas. subj. "[what] to say" - [what] he should answer. 

v7 νεφελη (η) "a cloud" - a sign of God's presence, his shekinah glory – a borrowed word from the Hebrew..
επισκιαζουσα (επισκιαζω) aor. part. "[appeared] and enveloped" - [there came/appeared a cloud] overshadowing, covering, enveloping - expressing the sense of the cloud coming upon the disciples and enveloping them.
ουτος εστιν ο υιος μου "this is my Son" - a repeat of 1:11, although here God's words are for the disciples, not Jesus, i.e. the messianic secret is coming out into the open.
ο αγαπητος adj. "whom I love"  Given the Hebrew background to this word, the sense is "one and only" or "unique". It is commonly understood in a filial sense, expressing a divine union between the Father and Son 
ακουετε (ακουω) pres. imp. "listen" This divine imperative is the central element in the episode. We are to carefully note the message of Jesus, the Moses/Elijah prophet messiah. The content message is contained in the previous episode, 8:31-38: the cross and empty tomb.

v8 εξαπινα adv. "suddenly" – unexpectedly- a similar sense to Mark's commonly used "immediately" referring to an instantaneous change in circumstances, an immediate return to normality.
περιβλεψαμενοι (περιβλεπω) aor. mid. part. "when they looked around" The participle is adverbial or possibly expressing the action of the subject, "the disciples suddenly looked around." "Suddenly, on looking around", Goodspeed.
ειδον (οραω) aor. "they [no longer] saw" - indicating the transfiguration was no vision.

v9 καταβαινοντων (καταβαινω) pres. part. "as [they] were coming down" - [they] were coming down. The genitive absolute participle forms a temporal clause, as NIV.
διεστειλατο (διαστελλω) aor. "Jesus gave [them] orders" - he gave orders, commanded, instructed. Used of a "strict instruction."
αυτοις dat. pro. "them" - to them. Dative of indirect object.
διηγησωνται (διηγεομαι) aor. subj. "[not] to tell" - they should tell. The need to maintain the "messianic secret" obviously applies to the transfiguration as it does for Jesus' miracles.
μηδενι dat. adj. "anyone" - no one. Dative of indirect object.
ει μη- except
οταν + subj. "until" - when [....... should arise].

αναστη (ανιστημι) aor. subj. "had risen" - should arise. Glory is assured for the Son of Man, but only after the ignominy of his execution as a common criminal. The transfiguration points to that glory, but is also, in itself, a prolepsis of the resurrection, a present momentary representation of a glorious future event.

What do you see?

But hereafter, when we are incorruptible and immortal and attain the blessed lot of being like unto Christ, then (as the Scripture saith), we shall be for ever with the Lord, fulfilled with His visible Theophany in holy contemplations, the which shall shine about us with radiant beams of glory (even as once of old it shone around the Disciples at the Divine Transfiguration); and so shall we, with our mind made passionless and spiritual, participate in a spiritual illumination from Him, and in an union transcending our mental faculties, and there, amidst the blinding blissful impulsions of His dazzling rays, we shall, in a diviner manner than at present, be like unto the heavenly Intelligences. — Dionysius the Areopagite
Transfiguration according to Mark. A time out of time in the story that Mark spins. It is often supposed that the Evangelists moved a post resurrection story into the sequential narrative. One may wonder if this is a western and modern way of thinking. In many parts of the world, when a child comes to breakfast and says something like: “I saw grandmother last night . .” the parents answer is: “Really? What did she say? Tell us. It might be important. “ In the West it is merely dismissed as a dream or the parents will contemplate taking junior to a shrink. So perhaps, as the early Christian document The Sayings of the Fathers would speculate, perhaps the problem of the lack of theophanies is our problem, not God’s and not Mark’s.
Yes, it is a theophany. All the traditional parts are there: Mountains, clouds, bright lights, the voice from heaven: the works. The season of Epiphany ends in a theophany and at the heart of that theophany is Jesus Christ, the Son, as proclaimed by the voice from heaven. That voice proclaims
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Jesus’ identity and admonishes all who would be there to be attentive to him, the Son.
And who is in attendance and why is this important? There are two audiences in the Gospel itself: Moses and Elijah and the three disciples. I would guess there is a third, but perhaps that audience: us, the readers, are included in one of the first two.
The first audience: Moses and Elijah is the less obvious one but is there really any reason to believe that they are not addressed by the voice? Moses is the representative of the Law, Elijah is representing the Prophets. Law and prophet must listen to Jesus. Whether they knew that or not, it is being proclaimed by heaven that day: You are subservient to this one, you must now attend to him, and by him you are now interpreted. Moses and Elijah have a second function here. Chrysostom points out that both came out of the fires of trial. Both lived under oppression, Moses under pharaoh and Elijah under Ahab. They were men of spiritual battle. That is to say their victories were won by God directly but they had to have the faith to remain calm while it happened and not interfere. Yes, both men had failures in that but in the main part of their battle, they remained prophets and not warriors.
The second audience is Peter, James, and John, the inner circle of the inner circle, and future leaders of the movement today known as the church. While we have no indication from Mark what Jesus, Moses and Elijah were talking about, we have a snippet of the reaction from the disciples. They are
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terrified, but they grasp that something Holy and significant is going on. When such things happen, monuments are built. Ebenezer (1 Sam 7) is one such monument, somewhere there is a place by the Jabbok river (Gen 32:30), and somewhere there is a pile of rocks by the Jordan river as well.(Jos 4:23) Think of it what you will, plenty of times the places where God was somehow manifest are commemorated, so Peter is not totally out of his mind. He is also not rebuked. The voice from Heaven Comes in a cloud and merely says to everyone there: “This is my son the beloved. Listen to him.” Jesus then tell them on the way down to keep the matter to themselves, so nothing is built or commemorated.
Peter’s suggestion also has a strange flair to it. He would built tabernacles for Moses, Elijah, and Jesus. Is that appropriate? If Jesus is the Christ is he really merely on par with the other two? Peter has already been corrected for his insolence when he attempted to tell Jesus how to do the Messiah job. (Mk 8:32) There he was put in his place, maybe restored to his place, forcefully, as one who follows and strives to acquire the mind of the Christ he is following. The argument: “Who is the Christ and who is Jesus,” is not over by the time they climb the mountain.
If law and Prophet have to listen and answer to Jesus then so does Peter, and if Jesus is the Son then Law and Prophet will certainly bow to him and like John the Baptist proclaim that they are not worthy to shine his shoes.
3

As they come down the mountain, they are told not to speak of the incident until the resurrection. They ask Jesus why Elijah had to come first. Jesus tells them that Elijah has already come and gone. A reference to John the Baptist? Perhaps. Both Elijah and John challenge an oppressive king. In both cases a jealous and powerful wife is in play. Elijah escapes the fate that John does not. Maybe Elijah is a standing for all the prophets. They have come but their voices have been silenced by the wicked and unbelieving generations to whom they were send including the disciples’ generation which killed John. (Mk 9:19)
For us, maybe that is good introduction to Lent: You have seen him be manifest among you. But that is not what is remarkable about him. He is powerful to be sure. He is the Son of God and you might even have had celestial visions of him. But as important as those might be, they are all of lesser importance than his cross, which he foretells thrice, and resurrection.